Inspection & Repair Guide for Low Voltage Building Wiring & Lighting Systems
InspectAPedia TM
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- How to Inspect, Diagnose, & Repair Low Voltage Building Electrical Systems, Switches, Relays, Transverters, and Wiring
- Low Voltage Wiring repair & replacement information for GE®, Remcon, Sweepe, Bryant, Sierra, other brands, and newer Touch-Plate® low voltage wiring systems.
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A Homeowner's Guide to Inspection, Repair, and Replacement of Low-Voltage GE, Remcon, or Other
Low-Voltage Building Electrical Wiring & Switches
The photo at left shows a GE low-voltage relay box in a residential attic. Photo courtesy of True Tech Electric.
Low voltage electrical wiring was installed in some homes beginning in about 1946's. This system was
popular and was installed in many homes between 1960 a nd 1985, and it continues in use today.
The low-voltage wiring system uses small-gauge copper wires connected to low-voltage switches to switch on and off relays which in turn control the operation of lights and where desired, electrical receptacles, and other 120-Volt equipment in homes.
A power supply or transformer, often called a "transverter" is fed 120V and outputs 28V to
the switching system. Pressing the low-voltage switch
operates a relay which in turn switches on or off a 120V light or other device in the home.
The low-voltage electrical wiring system popularized in the United States by GE® and Remcon
permits the use of less-costly and easier-to-install wiring between the relays and the
switches in the home. The switching relay, or a group of them, is often located in an electrical
box in the building's attic, garage, or basement.
At least one supplier continues to design, sell, and service low-voltage home wiring systems: Touch-Plate
Lighting Controls, in Fort Wayne IN. Some of the suggestions and opinions in this article
are quoted from or paraphrase advice offered by that company. We provide contact information
for Touch-Plate® Lighting Controls below.
Many original GE® or Remcon® low voltage lighting systems are still in use today. But owners of buildings with
the original systems installed may find themselves faced with low-voltage switches, relays,
or transformers that no longer operate.
Warning About Repairing Low-Voltage Lighting Systems
Owners of such buildings should be careful to perform any repairs or replacements of components in low-voltage
electrical systems using only the proper devices. Installing a conventional 120-V switch or an arbitrary
push switch, or a conventional transformer/voltage converter may not work, and worse, it could be unsafe,
causing a risk of fire or shock.
What are the Components of Low Voltage Lighting Systems?
Power Supply: This component feeds electrical power to operate the low voltage switches
and relays in the system. The transverter is step-down transformer which is itself powered by a 120V circuit in the building
converts its incoming 120-volt alternating current (120 VAC) to a 28-volt direct current (28 VDC).
This is the operating voltage and current type used to power the switches and the relays that they turn on and off.
Switching Relays: The switching relays in a low-voltage electrical system
are turned on or off by low voltage wires coming from the switch.
Separately, 120V 15-Amp wires bring electrical power into the switch, and similar wires
are connected between the switch and the light, electrical outlet, or other 120V device it is
intended to control. When the relay is switched "on" it sends 120V to the device it controls.
When the relay is switched "off" it stops delivering power to the device it controls.
Low Voltage Switches: these switches, mounted at the normal height and location in rooms in the building are used
to turn normal 120-Volt building lights, electrical receptacles, or perhaps other 120V devices in the building on and off.
Because installing individual switches and their wiring is lower in cost than
installing a 120-volt-rated switch and wire in the same location, a low-voltage-wired home may have multiple switches
in multiple locations all controlling the same light or other device.
Low Voltage Wiring: Very thin copper wires, typically #22 gauge, is used to connect the low-voltage switches to the
relays that each switch controls.
Normal Voltage (120V) wiring: "normal" building electrical wires, typically #14 gauge (for 15-Amp circuits), is used
to carry electrical power into and then out of the low-voltage relay and on to the light, electrical receptacle,
or other device that the switch and relay are intended to control.
Electrical Devices: lights, receptacles, other. These are the same conventional electrical lights or electrical receptacles
found in buildings. In the United States most electrical lighting and electrical receptacles are wired to carry 120 Volts A. C.
(electric lights and electric receptacles used to power TV's, computers, etc.)
or in special cases, 220V A. C. (such as for electric stoves, electric water heaters, and some air conditioning systems.)
Guide to Low Voltage Switches for Building Wiring
Diagnosing & Repairing Low Voltage Switch Problems
Low-voltage electrical system switches originally made by GE® or Remcon
can be replaced with newer ones from Touch Plate but with some provisos which
we explain below.
Low-voltage system relays originally made by GE® or Remcon
cannot be replaced individually with newer ones from Touch Plate - there are
electrical design differences that mean the products are not interchangeable.
A home or an entire circuit can, however, be converted over to the new
Touch-Plate® product line. This offers the advantage of permitting the building to continue
to use the existing low-voltage wiring that is already in place between the transformers
and switches.
This approach should be substantially less
costly and troublesome than attempting to convert all of the switches in the home
to 120V design - that would require re-wiring those areas in the home with new 120V wires.
An old GE® or Remcon® system will work with the Touch-Plate® replacement switches.
The GE® and Remcon® systems operate on a three-wire system.
One wire is common, one wire is for turning the relay on, and the
last wire is for turning the relay off.
Touch-Plate® switches only
have two wires. One being the common wire and the other being the
switch wire, and because of our single coil relay, the same button
is used to turn the relay on and off.
You can use Touch-Plate® switches in place of three-wire switches,
but you will need two Touch-Plate® buttons for every one three-wire switch.
See Three-wire to Touch-Plate® Wiring Diagram available from Touch-Plate Lighting.
Other Low Voltage Switching Notes
Multi-way switching is supported since multiple switches can all
connect to a single relay that controls a single 120V device.
Touch-Plate® says that 3-Way, 4-Way and even 5-Way switching is a standard feature of low voltage control systems
and almost all old Touch-Plate® installations have multiple switches that control the same relay.
Do NOT ever attempt to replace a momentary action, low voltage Touch-Plate® switch with an
off-the-shelf high voltage toggle switch (maintain / latching style).
This will definitely bring in immediate failure of the system.
Painted switch plate covers, cracked covers, and wall-papered covers all are
likely sources of producing a stuck switch.
Guide to Low Voltage Relays for Building Wiring
Guide to Diagnosing & Repairing Low Voltage Wiring Relays
Switching Relays that work intermittently?
If sometimes when you operate the switch to control a light or receptacle or other device it works just fine, but at other times it fails to operate, giving difficulty in turning the light or receptacle "on" or "off" we could have a problem with the switch itself, or the problem may be with the relay that the switch controls.
Check the building first for for sticking low-voltage switches. If all of the switches appear to be working normally, then find the switching relays that are misbehaving, and check for temperature exposure problems. Switching relays that are too hot or too cold may not work properly.
Low voltage relays may not operate reliably if exposed to
below freezing temperatures, or to temperatures above 120 degrees.
Depending on where the building is located, these conditions can
certainly be encountered in an attic, and cold conditions
may be encountered in a garage or crawl space.
Touch-Plate offers a trivial fix for the cold temperature problem: place a light bulb close to the relay panel.
Turning the light bulb on during the cold period will usually produce sufficient warmth to
keep the switching relays working. Touch-Plate® also advises "The best solution is to contact the factory for assistance in upgrading the whole system
to current technology and relocating the panels to a garage, a basement, a mechanical room, or closet
that will avoid this altogether."
Switching Relay Burn-up?
This can happen with age and use. But if the relays are burning up
after replacement or other repairs to the system, check the low voltage
transformer.
The voltage transformer must be one designed for this application.
Some generic voltage transformers do not sense that a switch is stuck (or being
held depressed for some reason) and lack a limiting function to protect the
relay from burn-up.
Replacement relays for existing Touch-Plate® installations can be installed
without this worry. But this is not the case if your relays are the older GE® or Remcon® brand. First, for Touch-Plate® installations,
If the relay you are replacing has two wires coming out of the cylinder the relay is a 1550 series and it can be replaced by the Touch-Plate® 2500-B.
If the old relay has four wires coming out of the cylinder of the relay
it can be replaced by a Touch-Plate® 2500-BPL.
But what about homes using older GE® or Remcon® relays? Touch-Plate® relays cannot be used to replace individual GE® or Remcon® relays. The switching relays made by these manufacturers work differently from those designed and sold today by Touch-Plate lighting. For example, Touch-Plate informs us that he Touch-Plate® relay (2500-B) is a single coil, 28VDC latching relay, whereas the the GE® relay (RR-7) is a dual coil, 24VAC latching relay, and
the Remcon® relays (depending on the style) are a single or dual coil
relay with an internal power supply for each relay.
Also, two switching relays will not operate from a single button press in older systems prior to 1986,
they were designed to operate one at a time.
But you can forget the details of just how your relays work if you just remember that you cannot substitute a Touch-Plate® relay for either GE® or Remcon® relays.
So what to do with a GE® or Remcon® relays that no longer work? You can either re-wire that entire individual circuit to use Touch-Plate® components, or, as Touch-Plate Lighting recommends, replace all of the older GE® or Remcon® relays in the home with Touch-Plate® relays. This may not be as horrible as it sounds: you're not replacing wiring, just devices. themselves.
Guide to Low Voltage Building Wiring Transformers or Transverters
An electrical "transformer" converts voltage from one level to another, say from 120Volts down to 28Volts in order to supply the lower voltage to devices that are designed to operate at that level. A "converter" changes alternating current to direct current. Electrical power entering buildings in the U.S. and in most of the world operates at 60-cycle alternating current (or 50 cycle AC).
Alternating current: If you measured the voltage level on an AC circuit, you'd see the voltage level varying between +120V down through 0 volts and continuing down to -120V and then cycling back up again 60 times a second. That's what 60-cycle AC means.
Direct current: if you measure the voltage level on a DC circuit, you'll see the level staying roughly constant at whatever voltage level the circuit is supplying. For example, most automobiles operate most of their electrical components at 12-volts direct current or 12-V DC.
The switches and the relays they control in a building low-voltage wiring system are designed to operate at 28-volts of direct current.
So in building low-voltage wiring systems a "transverter" is used to transform 120V down to 28V and also to convert the voltage from alternating to direct current. We only need one of these transverters. Old low-voltage wiring electrical systems use a single transverter to accept incoming 120V AC current and change it to 28V direct current. The switching relays in older low-voltage wiring systems are operated individually, that is, one at a time.
Diagnosing & Repairing or Replacing Low Voltage Wiring Transformers or Transverters
Intermittent Failure of Lights or other Relay-controlled Devices
Intermittent operation of lights or other relay-controlled devices in a home
usually is due to a failing power supply transverter.
The voltage output of the Transverter should be 28 - 31 VDC.
If voltage is not in that range, the transverter should be replaced.
Low Voltage Output at the Transverter
Low voltage at a transformer/transverter may mean that it needs to
be replaced, or it may simply mean that a switch in the home is stuck.
Check the Transverter voltage output.
In a normal low-voltage electrical system the output voltage at the
transverter should be 28 - 30 VDC if measured between the "switch" and the "relay"
output wires on the Transverter with either one of these wires disconnected. You don't need to disconnect both wires since disconnecting just one of them interrupts the circuit. But of course it's ok to disconnect both.
If the voltage is 0 VDC, or a really low 2 - 4 VDC, this is indicates of a stuck low-voltage switch.
Touch-Plate Lighting informs us that the transverter drops in voltage output down to 3 volts after operating
the relay coil in order to protect against burning up the coil.
If you read a voltage higher than 3 volts and lower than 26 VDC from the Transverter,
then the transverter should be replaced.
If you are reading 28 - 30 VDC and still nothing is working then you have a wiring
problem: something is not connected (as in a wire coming loose from under a wire nut)
or something incorrectly wired (as in when changing a component in the system and
not re-connecting to the proper wire).
Basics of Wiring Low Voltage Transformers
Black wire and the Red wire are the On and Off lines between the low-voltage switch and the relay. Unlike a conventional 120-V electrical light circuit switch, the low voltage switch is talking not to the light, but to the relay. The low-voltage relay is also referred to as a "latching relay". A "latching relay" is a switch that "latches" into whatever position it is told to enter. So such a relay needs to receive a separate signal to tell
to it to "Make" (turn on) or "Break" (turn off) the household current which the relay is passing on to the light or other device it controls.
If an older low voltage transverter still has the labels by the output wires, you may see labels reading "switch" and "relay". When wiring such a transverter, connect the wire from your low-voltage switch to the terminal marked "Switch". Similarly, connect the wire from the relay to the transverter terminal marked "Relay".
If the older Transverter connections are not labeled we're in more trouble but it's still simple to determine which wire to connect to which terminal. Before disconnecting the old transverter, follow the wires from the old Transverter to what it is connected to.
Touch-Plate Lighting says the easiest way to do this is by locating the wire of the
Transverter that connects to one wire of every relay inside the relay enclosure.
This wire will be the "relay" wire. Therefore the other wire will be the "switch" wire.
How to Choose the Right Transformer for Home Low Voltage Wiring Systems
Touch-Plate's TPS-0120 120V Transverter power supply operates relays from every Touch-Plate®
system from 1946 to early 1980’s. It's
input is 120 V A. C. Its output: 28.5V D.C.
Other power supplies are used to transform 120V to 6.3 V A. C. offering from .150A (150 milliamps) up to 4 Amps (400 mva)
depending on the application such as for pilot lights (incandescent lamps explained
just above), or other power supplies.
Other power supplies may be found installed for for pilot lights. These are simply little lights at switches that indicate if the device controlled by the switch has been turned "on" or "off". If you see a
silver box labeled "PL-6" mounted above or below each relay this is a transformer for pilot lights.
Touch-Plate Lighting says that the the pilot light transformers for the master switch stations are usually
located in the master bedroom and/or some other main living area.
Touch-Plate also points out that these transformers are not necessary to operate electrical lights or receptacles in the building. If the pilot lights were to malfunction or stop working,
you would lose the indicator light for the specific relay it is connected to, nothing more. That is, a PL-6 power supply has nothing to do with operating the relay itself, only the indicator light that
shows if a relay (and the device it controls) is switched "on" or "off".
Suggestions for Upgrading Low Voltage Building Electrical Wiring Switches, Relays, and Transformers
Upgrading an Older Low Voltage Switching System in a Home
The photo at left shows the GE low voltage relay box having been re-wired. Photo courtesy of True Tech Electric.
Touch-Plate® recommends a complete upgrade for older homes having a GE® or Remcon®
low voltage system, citing cleanup of confusing (modified over the years) wiring and malfunctioning
relays or switches. Above we already pointed out that the chief reason for such an upgrade is that an owner can leave in place and continue to use the existing low voltage wiring between switches and relay stations.
Otherwise we'd have to install new, much heavier gauge #14 or #12
electrical wires to support 120V switching directly. If a home has already been wired to
have an electrical control center or many-way switching of lights or outlets (say 4 or 5 way
switching) the wire cost of converting to 120V would be substantial.
For help in planning an upgrade from an old system to a current system
it is necessary to make a count of all the loads controlled by Touch-Plate® relays.
It is also necessary to know how many different locations there are with relay panels.
Many new features and benefits are gained when upgrading.
Two Improvements May be Made when Upgrading Low Voltage Electrical Systems
- add LED's (if free wires are available, else you will have to run additional wires)
- add centralized control, from one location, of many or even all lights and electrical features
in the home
Repair Parts Sources for Low Voltage Home Wiring Systems
Touch-Plate Lighting
Touch-Plate Lighting supplies low voltage switches, transformers, and relays for building electrical system. The company also provides both website support and for-pay telephone support.
Touch-Plate® Lighting Controls -
1830 Wayne Trace -
Fort Wayne IN, 46803
Phone: 260.426.1565 | Fax: 260.426.1442
Sale Support Email: sales@touchplate.com
Website: www.touchplate.com 800-227-5154.
Also:
rocker switches that may fit or can be made to fit in the GE® triple-rocker-switch gangs:
www.alltestequipment.com
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Technical Reviewers
For Diagnosing Low Voltage Wiring System Problems
See http://www.touchplate.com/standardSupport.php
Particular thanks are due to experts and also consumers who read these articles and suggest corrections, changes, and additions to
the material. Content suggestions, technical corrections and content critique are invited for any of the content at our website.
- Daniel Friedman - InspectAPedia.com TM Website Author/Editor
- www.touchplate.com 800-227-5154 provided basic data for much of the content paraphrased or quoted in this article.
- David Goldstein - contributor and technical review. Mr. Goldstein is a NJ and NY licensed home inspector and Director of Training for Building Inspector's Career Institute, in Robbinsville, NJ, www.InspectorEducation.com
- Some of the GE relay box photos on this page are courtesy of True Tech Electric.
- Critique, contributions wanted: Contact Us to suggest text changes and additions and, if you wish, to receive online listing and credit for that contribution.
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