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The Colors & Chemistry of Roofing Slates
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• The Colors & Chemistry of Roofing Slates
• How to inspect, evaluate & repair slate roofs - the basics

This is a detailed article describing procedures for evaluating the condition of slate roofing. How to inspect, identify defects, and estimate remaining life of slate roofs are addressed. The article also references slate repair procedures, repair slate sources, and slate quarries. We also provide slate sources and where to buy slate roofing materials and slate roofing tools and products. © Copyright 2008 Daniel Friedman, All Rights Reserved. Information Accuracy & Bias Pledge is at below-left. Use links at the left of each page to navigate this document or to view other topics at this website. Green links show where you are in our document or website.

Slate Colors, Chemistry, Durability

According to the National Slate Association slate is a stone material which has an indefinite life.

Slate Roofs, reprinted by the Vermont Structural Slate Co. We caution readers that while this is absolutely the best reference we've found on slate roofing, the language on durability is a bit enthusiastic. You'll have to look closely at the footnotes to identify the less durable materials.

Because the actual composition of slate affects its durability (and cost), the identification of the source of existing slates is useful in evaluating the condition and future life of a roof. Common sources of roofing slates used in the US and Canada are Pennsylvania, Virginia, and Vermont. California, Georgia, Michigan, New York and Maine also have or had slate quarries. In 1924 the remaining active slate quarrying areas were Maine, Vermont-New York, Pennsylvania, and Virginia. Common slate names have British origins. Maine's Bangor recalls Bangor blue mined in North Wales.

Identification of the slate source by visual inspection is difficult by other than experienced slate handlers or laboratories. However as the slate source has such a dramatic effect on the expected life of the material, any anecdotal, historical, or visual clues are useful. Readers are cautioned not to assume that slates in their area necessarily came only from the nearest slate quarry. Though that's a reasonable bet in many cases, one might find Virginia slate or Maine slate on roofs as distant from the quarries as British Columbia! Vermont Structural Slate Co. will identify slates if you mail them a 1.5"x1.5" triangular sample.

Basic slate roofing colors, their composition, and their sources

Basic roofing slate colors are black, blue-black, gray, blue-gray, purple, mottled purple and green, green, and red. These color names should be preceded by designations of "unfading" or "weathering" (discussed later). Color is determined by variations in chemical and mineral composition.

The mineral composition of the shale from which slates are cut varies significantly among quarries and from state to state in the US. The primary constituents are white and black mica.

See later details in this article. A detailed procedure for analysis of slates was documented in US Geological Survey Bulletin #700, "The Analysis of Silicate and Carbonate Rocks", by Dr. W.F. Hillebrand.

Virginia roofing slate colors & characteristics

Virginia Roofing Slate is blue-gray in color, tough, durable, and considered a top quality material by most slate sources. This slate is notable for a peculiar luster giving attractive lights and shadows on roofs.

Vermont roofing slate colors & characteristics

Vermont roofing slate is typically green with purple, black, and red available. Vermont green slate is the most abundant, with well developed cleavage (easy to split into roofing slates), with good "fissibility" (relatively easy to work), making it the most common variety used.

Slate from Vermont is lower in lime content than the Pennsylvania variety. Chemical composition of slates varies of course by quarry as does slate color. Slates are available in both fading and non-fading varieties. In Vermont slate fading color is not considered an indication of deterioration. Rather it's an aesthetic factor.

Blue-gray Pennsylvania roofing slate colors & characteristics

Pennsylvania blue-gray slate is possibly the best known and most widely distributed of the common slate colors. Some architects and roofers call these slates Pennsylvania black. But as "Black-Bed" slates, a less durable material, might be confused with the better quality Pennsylvania material, the blue-gray name should be used.

Unfading Pennsylvania gray roofing slate color, appearance, characteristics

This is probably a Pennsylvania Gray slate roof on a NY College Campus in Poughkeepsie. Unfading Pennsylvania gray slate, which weathers or fades less than "weathering" varieties, has soft gray tones and may have additional strength or durability.

Unfading Pennsylvania black, heavier than other slates, has a rougher appearance and does not, as its name claims, fade significantly. [Fading may be taken to mean a general "lightening" across the slate.] Blue-black "hard-vein" Pennsylvania slates are hard material which grows darker on exposure to weather.

Gray and Grey-Black roofing slates, where they are from, and their characteristics

Gray and gray-black roofing slates are quarried in Vermont and parts of New York. The gray is lighter than the Pennsylvania blue-gray. You may find it mixed with purple. Gray-black is quarried in both light and dark grays, some with a mottled effect. Unfading green, weathering green, unfading purple, unfading mottled purple and green, variegated purple have been quarried in Vermont and New York.

Unfading red roofing slate, where it is quarried, and its wear characteristics

Unfading red roofing slate is quarried only in Washington County, New York.
Classic real slates remain on this red slate roof in New York's Hudson Valley. Perhaps slates from the Granville NY quarry - we don't know how long this superb material will last as we've never found one that was worn out on a roof.

A nice red slate roof with white details in Poughkeepsie, NY.

More of this nice-condition red "slate" roof in Poughkeepsie, NY. From the ground this roof looks too uniform - we wonder if it's a synthetic slate look alike? Closer inspection is needed.

Ribbon Slates, why they were used, and their wear characteristics

We did not find references listing sources of ribbon slate other than Pennsylvania's Lehigh-Northampton district quarries. Ribbon slate is identified by diagonal "stripes" visible in the shingles.

Ribbons may be in the entire shingle or in some applications, may be in the upper or covered portion of the slates. In the photo at left these slates have diagonal colored stripes of mineral inclusion, but they do not show the characteristic delamination and wear I see on classic ribbon slates - I will replace this photo with one of the more typical ribbon slates when I can dig some out of my library.

More photos of slates with diagonal mineral inclusions and Ribbon Slates are at the slate durability discussion section below. Slates which contain no ribbons are referred to as "clear" slates.

Most references claimed that ribbon slates were inferior and likely to have a shorter life due to their mineral inclusions. However in New York one of the authors (DF) has observed ribbon slate roofs which appeared to be in good condition after 90 years. These slates were selected for cosmetic beauty in some installations and for lower price in others. The inspector needs to examine the specific roof to determine if the ribbon slates involved are deteriorating from mineral wash-out or alternatively if they are in good condition.

Freak slate colors, what are "freak roofing slates"?

If you find slate which is not one of these colors it's a "freak". It would be rare to find a freak which was quarried thinner than 1/4", usually in greater thickness up to 2". Some are not true slates in every quality and may not be salvageable when worn or on roofs in poor condition.

Slate Roof Inspection & Repair - Chapter Index

Use links just below or at the left of each of our other website pages to navigate this document or to view other topics at this website. Green links show where you are in our document or website.

ROOF INSPECTION SAFETY & LIMITS
SLATE ROOF INSPECTION & REPAIR
How to Inspect & Repair
Types of Roofing Slate
Slate Colors, Chemistry
Slate Roof Aging and Durability
Ribbon Slates
Slate Roof Installation Quality
Other factors in Condition
Slate Roof Repair history
Slate Roof Leaks
Slate Holding actions
How to Repair Slate Roofs
  Copper Tab Method
  Slate Hook Method
SLATE ROOF PHOTO LIBRARY
About The Authors
Slate References
Slate Sources, Repairs
SLATE ROOF INSPECTION CLASS

About The Authors

Alan Carson and Dan Friedman are ASHI Members, home inspectors, educators and writers in Toronto and Poughkeepsie respectively. Information in this article is taken from the references shown below, from inspection experience, from opinions shared at ASHI and other education seminars, from the authors' personal, limited experience repairing and rebuilding of slate roofs, and from very helpful Bill Markcrow and Doug Sheldon at Vermont Structural Slate Co.

We also paraphrased from a presentation to NY Metro ASHI Members by Mr. Steven Trapasso in October, 1990. Mr. Trapasso has 40 years experience in working with slate, and has a clear love affair with the material, particularly when it comes from Vermont.

More expert information on this topic

More Information on Roof Inspection and Repair, and Building Diagnostic Inspections and Repairs

• How to Inspect & Repair Slate Roofs a detailed article about evaluating the condition of slate roofing and repairing worn or damaged slate roofs.
• Slate Roofs: a photographic library of slates, slate roofs, roofing styles
• Roofing: Defect Recognition, Repair, Prevention for Roofing & Flashing main web page
• Inspecting and Evaluating Slate Roofs Hudson Valley ASHI seminar content
• Choosing a Roofing Contractor How to find and select a roofing contractor - (thanks to Jessie Schrader)

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