Performance of FRT Plywood Roofs
StructAPedia ©
- Fire resistant treated plywood - FRT plywood
- Failures of FRT plywood, causes, cures
- Structural effects of failing FRT plywood roofs
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This document summarizes the issue of structural damage to roof sheathing where fire retardant plywood roof sheathing, or
FRT plywood was used on buildings. The material can degrade seriously due simply to high attic temperatures.
Special inspection and testing methods are available. Often structural repairs will be required.
FRT or flame resistant plywood is required by building codes for certain structures such as on either side of the fire wall between building units
in multiple-living unit structures (apartments, condos, townhouses). Alternative products have included masonry walls that penetrate the roof and
fire-resistant drywall laminated on the under-side of the roof sheathing on either side of the wall. While FRT plywood seemed as if it was going to be
a terrific product, it appears that high attic temperatures in some buildings caused early deterioration of the material. In some cases the plywood
became so soft that someone walking on the roof could simply step right through it. The material is no longer used in new construction but
may still be found on some buildings.
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Original article in Professional Roofing was by Tom Bollnow,Professional Roofing, May 1999 p.62.
Q: Have there been any significant efforts made to eliminate premature degradation of fire-retardant-treated (FRT) plywood used as roof decks?
A. During the late 1980s, there was an outbreak of structural roof deck failures directly related to degradation of FRT plywood used as roof sheathing. Because the potential for FRT ply- wood degradation still exists, roofing professionals should be knowledgeable about FRT plywood properties so the likelihood of degradation occurring can be reduced.
FRT plywood is produced by pressure treating plywood with fire retardant chemicals. During the mid 1980s, the search for lower hygroscopic (i.e., less moisture-absorbing) chemical compounds to treat plywood resulted in a change from ammonium sulfates that cause fastener corrosion to ammonium phosphate salts. Ammonium phosphate salts with additional treatments using buffers, such as Borax, and organic and less acidic chemicals were developed to decrease fastener corrosion and raise the threshold temperatures of fire-retardant materials.
FRT plywood's structural strength changes from 10 percent to 20 percent after an initial pressure treatment procedure. The drying process follows the pressure treatment procedure and is critical to achieving maximum product performance. Problems result if the kiln drying process is accelerated. Air drying causes fewer problems, but it is more time-consuming. Products should be marked "KDAT" if kiln dried after treatment or "ADAT" if air dried after treatment.
FRT plywood treatments are divided into three categories: exterior, interior Type A and interior Type B. A roof deck typically will be interior Type A because it is not exposed directly to outside elements. Type B treatments can cause excessive moisture to accumulate in wood, allowing chemicals to react with steel fasteners and connectors.
Building code authorities, such as the Building Officials and Code Administrators (BOCA) International Inc., have specific requirements for treatment processes and labeling. For example, plywood must be manufactured according to American Wood Preservers Association (AWPA) standards, and the treatment process must be evaluated by BOCA Evaluation Services, National Evaluation Services or an AWPA-approved, independent agency.
In addition, each plywood piece must be labeled properly with its performance rating and design-strength adjustment values. FRT plywood must be used according to manufacturers' recommendations. It must be kept dry and used strictly within the parameters of design-load values.
Open flames' elevated temperatures activate fire-retardant chemicals that produce. low-level acids (i.e., acid hydrolysis) in FRT plywood. The acids lower the temperature at which thermal degradation occurs, increase the amount of surface char and reduce the production of flammable volatiles (i.e., by-product gases that contribute to flame spread). The results are a reduction of the flame spread across a surface and capacity to support combustion. When a flame is removed from FRT plywood's surface, the plywood will char but not burst into flames.
Chemicals that produce low-level acids causing fire-retardant effects also cause premature FRT plywood degradation at lower temperatures. Untreated plywood experiences no major problems at temperatures up to 200 F (93 Q. Roofing professionals should note that achieving fire retardancy at the expense of structural integrity is not desirable.
Acid hydrolysis and degradation can occur at lower elevated temperatures of about 130 F (54 C to 180 F (82 Q. Temperatures at the interface surface between a roof covering and deck can reach 200 F (93 X with 150 F (66 C commonly found. As a result, degradation can occur at temperatures that are below open flame temperatures.
Roofing professionals should note that there are construction alternatives available that can eliminate the use of FRT plywood. But local codes (e.g., fire, building) first must be referenced to be sure the alternative construction is in compliance. These options include fully sprinkled interior systems; noncombustible decks; %-inch- (16-mm-) thick water- and fire-resistant gypsum board beneath untreated plywood; and fire walls that extend through a roof system on a multi tenant building (e.g., an apartment complex).
If FRT plywood is installed new or encountered during a recover situation, the use of light-colored shingles, a radiant-reflecting roof covering (e.g., white single-ply) or improved ventilation may diminish potential degradation. These materials may lower temperatures at a roof deck's surface. Roofing professionals should use caution and precise documentation when confronted with FRT plywood roof decks to avoid repercussions if failures occur.
Original Source: Page 62 Professional Roofing May 1999. Photographs and minor edits/additions by D.Friedman.
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